These often have derivatized heterocycles as monomers, such as thiophenes, diazoles or pyrroles.Ī simplified condensation reaction between two amino acids forming a polypeptide backbone. step-growth polymers (polyaniline, polythiophene, PEDOT) backbone.saturated alkane (typical for vinyl polymers).This is because the chemical differences of peptide and nucleotide monomers determines the biological function of their polymers whereas common carbohydrate monomers have one general function such as for energy storage and delivery. Polypeptides and nucleic acids are very commonly heteropolymers whereas common carbohydrate macromolecules such as glycogen can be homopolymers. Each of these biopolymers can be characterized as either a heteropolymer, meaning it consists of more than one monomer ordered in the backbone chain, or a homopolymer, which consists of just one repeating monomer. Because they are polymerized through complex enzymatic mechanisms, none of the biopolymers' backbones are formed through the elimination of water but through the elimination of other small biological molecules. In a condensation reaction, monomers are covalently connected along with the loss of some small molecule, most commonly water. The backbone of each of the three biological polymers proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, is formed through a net condensation reaction. There are some similarities and many differences inherent in the character of biopolymer backbones. Crystallization in its turn affects the optical properties of the polymers, its optical band gap and electronic levels. polythiophenes) in thin films and in solution. ![]() The polymers with rigid backbones are prone to crystallization (e.g. For example, in polysiloxanes (silicone), the backbone chain is very flexible, which results in a very low glass transition temperature of −123 ☌ (−189 ☏ 150 K). its flexibility, determines the thermal properties of the polymer (such as the glass transition temperature). In chain-growth polymerization, typically applied for alkenes, the backbone is not functional, but bears the functional side chains or pendant groups. These include polythiophenes or low band gap polymers in organic semiconductors. The character of the backbone chain depends on the type of polymerization: in step-growth polymerization, the monomer moiety becomes the backbone, and thus the backbone is typically functional. Although lipids have a "backbone," they are not true biological polymers as their backbone is a three carbon molecule, glycerol, with longer substituent "side chains." For this reason, only proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids should be considered as biological macromolecules with polymeric backbones.ġ. This is the driving factor of their different structures and functions in the body. ![]() Each of these molecules has a different backbone and consists of different monomers each with distinctive residues and functionalities. The macromolecules within the body can be divided into four main subcategories, each of which are involved in very different and important biological processes: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. The backbone is, therefore, directly related to biological molecules’ function. ![]() The characteristics and order of the monomer residues in the backbone make a map for the complex structure of biological polymers (see Biomolecular structure). The backbones of these biological macromolecules consist of central chains of covalently bonded atoms. ![]() In biochemistry, organic backbone chains make up the primary structure of macromolecules. This science is subdivided into the study of organic polymers, which consist of a carbon backbone, and inorganic polymers which have backbones containing only main group elements. In polymer science, the backbone chain of a polymer is the longest series of covalently bonded atoms that together create the continuous chain of the molecule.
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